T-90

T-90
A Russian Army T-90M main battle tank
Type	Main battle tank
Place of origin	Russia
Service history
In service	From 1992 (T-90) From 2004 (T-90A) From 2017 (T-90MS) From 2019 (T-90M)
Used by	See Operators
Wars	War in Dagestan[a] Syrian Civil War Second Nagorno-Karabakh War[1][2] Russo-Ukrainian War War in Donbas Wagner Group rebellion[3]
Production history
Designer	Kartsev-Venediktov
Manufacturer	Uralvagonzavod, Heavy Vehicles Factory
Unit cost	USD 2.5 million in 1999,[4] USD 2.77–4.25 million in 2011 (varies by source)[5] T-90SM: USD 4.5 million in 2016
Produced	1992–present
No. built	~4,000 (2023, see Operators) 1,400 units of T-90S/SM built in India under license >1000 delivered to other countries
Specifications
Mass	46 tonnes (45 long tons; 51 short tons) (T-90) 46.5 tonnes (45.8 long tons; 51.3 short tons) (T-90A) 48 tonnes (47 long tons; 53 short tons) (T-90SM)[6]
Length	9.63 m (31 ft 7 in) 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in) (hull)
Width	3.78 m (12 ft 5 in)
Height	2.22 m (7 ft 3 in)
Crew	3
Armor	Steel-composite-reactive blend APFSDS: 550 mm + 250–280 mm with Kontakt-5 = 800–830 mm HEAT: 650–850 mm + 500–700 mm with Kontakt-5 = 1,150–1,550 mm[7]
Main armament	2A46M 125 mm smoothbore gun with 43 rounds (T-90) 2A46M-2 125 mm smoothbore gun with 42 rounds (T-90A) 2A46M-5 125 mm smoothbore gun with 43 rounds (T-90M)
Secondary armament	12.7mm Kord Heavy machine gun, 7.62mm PKMT
Engine	V-84MS 12-cyl. diesel (T-90) V-92S2 12-cyl. diesel (T-90A) V-92S2F 840 hp (617 kW) for V-84MS 12-cyl. diesel engine 1000 hp (736 kW) for V-92S2 12-cyl. diesel engine (T-90A and T-90S) 1130 hp (831 kW) for V-92S2F (T-90M and T-90MS)
Power/weight	18.2 hp/tonne (13.3 kW/tonne) (T-90) 21.5hp/tonne (15 kW/tonne) (T-90A)
Suspension	Torsion bar
Operational range	550 km (340 mi) (without fuel drums)
Maximum speed	60 km/h (37 mph)[8] (T-90A and T-90MS)

The T-90 is a third-generation Russian main battle tank developed to replace the T-72. It uses a 125 mm 2A46 smoothbore main gun, the 1A45T fire-control system, an upgraded engine, and gunner's thermal sight. Standard protective measures include a blend of steel and composite armour, smoke grenade dischargers, Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour (ERA) and the Shtora infrared anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) jamming system.

The T-90 was designed and built by Uralvagonzavod, in Nizhny Tagil, Russia. It entered service with the Russian army in 1992.

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